Why are contracts incomplete? Transaction costs and bounded rationality cannot be a total explanation since states of the world are often describable, foreseeable, and yet are not mentioned in a contract.Asymmetric information theories also have limitations.We offer an explanation based on 'contracts as reference points'.Including a contingency of the form, 'The buyer will require a good in event E', has a benefit and a cost.The benefit is that if E occurs there is less to argue about; the cost is that the additional reference point provided by the outcome in E can hinder (re)negotiation in states outside E.We show that if parties agree about a reasonable division of surplus, an incomplete contract is strictly superior to a contingent contract.If parties have different views about the division of surplus, an incomplete contract can be superior if including a contingency would lead to divergent reference points.