In the twelfth century, Pisa was a powerhouse of global trade, a city that stood at the centre of Medieval Europe.But Pisa had a problem. It was running out of coins. In the face of a looming financial crisis, the city’s rulers and its moneylenders forged a deal that laid the foundations of the modern state and of present-day banking. In Money and Promises, the distinguished banker and scholar Paolo Zannoni examines the extraordinary relationship between states and banks.He draws upon seven case studies: the republic of twelfth-century Pisa, seventeenth-century Venice, the early years of the Bank of England, Imperial Spain, the Kingdom of Naples, the nascent USA during the American Revolution, and Bolshevik Russia in 1917–21.Spanning a multitude of countries, political systems and historical eras, Zannoni shows that at the heart of our institutions lies an intricate exchange of debt and promises that has shaped the modern world. Featuring pioneering research and original insights, this authoritative yet accessible book explores the vital relationship upon which our financial and political systems still depend.